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  • Politische Soziologie

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  • Hoeffler, Anke (2020): Gewaltige Kosten : Über die ökonomischen Konsequenzen von Gewalt Report Psychologie. Deutscher Psychologen Verlag. 2020, 45(5), pp. 20-21. ISSN 0344-9602

    Gewaltige Kosten : Über die ökonomischen Konsequenzen von Gewalt

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  • Agent based models in Mata : Modelling aggregate processes, like the spread of a disease

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    An Agent Based Model (ABM) is a simulation in which agents that each follow simple rules interact with one another and thus produce an often surprising outcome at the macro level. The purpose of an ABM is to explore mechanisms through which actions of the individual agents add up to a macro outcome by varying the rules that agents have to follow or varying with whom the agent can interact (for example, varying the network). These models have many applications, like the study of segregation of neighborhoods or the adoption of new technologies. However, the application that is currently most topical is the spread of a disease. In this talk, I will give introduction on how to implement an ABM in Mata, by going through the simple models I (a sociologist, not an epidemiologist) used to make sense of what is happening with the COVID-19 pandemic.

  • Retooling Politics : How Digital Media Are Shaping Democracy

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    Donald Trump, the Arab Spring, Brexit: digital media have provided political actors and citizens with new tools to engage in politics. These tools are now routinely used by activists, candidates, non-governmental organizations, and parties to inform, mobilize, and persuade people. But what are the effects of this retooling of politics? Do digital media empower the powerless or are they breaking democracy? Have these new tools and practices fundamentally changed politics or is their impact just a matter of degree? This clear-eyed guide steps back from hyperbolic hopes and fears to offer a balanced account of what aspects of politics are being shaped by digital media and what remains unchanged. The authors discuss data-driven politics, the flow and reach of political information, the effects of communication interventions through digital tools, their use by citizens in coordinating political action, and what their impact is on political organizations and on democracy at large.

  • Working from home in the Coronavirus crisis : Towards a transformation of work environments?

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    The coronavirus crisis has brought rapid and sweeping changes to the daily work life of many employees. To comply with social distancing rules, many private and public organizations let all or part of their staff work from home. This study analyzes this new work environment on the basis of unprecedented data: a survey conducted at nine points in time among roughly 700 telecommuting employees. The results demonstrate that employees working from home show an increase in perceived productivity and commitment. The vast majority wish to continue to work flexibly on a remote basis, at least to some extent. However, we also observe a trend towards excessive workloads resulting in exhaustion. This increases the urge for policymakers and employee representations to take action. The study concludes with recommendations on how to improve the general conditions concerning telework.

  • Casino Capitalism? : The Impact of Financial Crises on Inequality, 1970 to 2016

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    The ways in which countries have reacted to financial crises varies considerably. While income inequality has grown in more than half of the EU member states after the Great Recession, some countries such as the United States have experienced a significant increase in wealth inequality. A number of countries, by contrast, was able to keep these inequities at bay. We argue in this paper that the impact of financial crises on inequality differ between the type and severity of these economic shocks and that sovereign debt and exchange rate rather than banking crises increase the economic inequities. The paper also examines the extent to which fiscal constraints of governments and membership in the Eurozone mediate these effects. We examine the diverse income and wealth inequality effects to more than 50 financial crises across the OECD member states from 1970 to 2010. The empirical evidence gathered so far supports our conjecture of different distributive effects of varying types of crises.

  • Safer Spaces : The impact of a reduction in road fatalities on the life expectancy of South Africans

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    In this paper we determine the cost of fatalities resulting from road traffic injuries (RTIs) in South Africa. We express the costs in terms of reduced life expectancy and years of potential life lost (YPLL). Our main data source is the Injury Mortality Survey, a retrospective descriptive study carried out in 2009 in South Africa. Using the mortality rates by sex and age from the mortuary data we calculate actual life expectancy at birth. In our counterfactual analysis we assume a reduction of 15% reduction per year in road fatalities for a period of 10 years. A comparison of the estimated actual and counterfactual life expectancies suggests that the average gain in life expectancy at birth would be 0.58 years. Since the overwhelming majority of road traffic fatalities are male (75.7%), there is a considerable gender difference. Men would gain 0.85 years while women would gain 0.30 years in life expectancy, closing the gender gap in life expectancy by about 14%. We then discuss how a reduction in RTIs could be achieved. South Africa’s legislation already covers all important aspects of road safety (e.g. seat belt use, drink driving restrictions, speed limits, infrastructure improvements), however, enforcement is relatively weak and should be improved. There are a raft of measures that have been well researched in other countries, most interventions aim to modify the behaviour of road users and have been found to be cost effective. In addition to stricter enforcement, evidence from social science suggests that compliance could be increased through a change in social norms regarding road usage.

  • Heermann, Max; Leuffen, Dirk (2020): No Representation without Integration! : Why Differentiated Integration Challenges the Composition of the European Parliament Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS). Wiley. 2020, 58(4), pp. 1016-1033. ISSN 0021-9886. eISSN 1468-5965. Available under: doi: 10.1111/jcms.13015

    Project : EU3D: EU Differentation, Dominance and Democracy

    No Representation without Integration! : Why Differentiated Integration Challenges the Composition of the European Parliament

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    This article provides a normative assessment of parliamentary representation in fields of differentiated integration in the European Union. Based on three criteria of legitimate democratic representation, autonomy, accountability and equality, we evaluate four alternative representation models. These models comprise (I) complete representation of all members of the European Parliament (MEPs), (II) insider representation through the creation of new, regime‐specific assemblies, and (III) partial representation without and (IV) with inclusive deliberative stages. We find that the current system of complete representation, while honouring the principle of equality, violates autonomy and accountability in areas of differentiated integration. We therefore advocate a model of partial representation: MEPs elected in opt‐out states should not take part in EP voting but should be invited to participate in the deliberative stages of parliamentary decision‐making. This reconciles the principles of autonomy, accountability and equality, at least as long as there is no truly European electoral system in place.

  • Beds or bonds? : Conditional solidarity in the coronavirus crisis

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    The coronavirus crisis exacerbates inequality in the European Union. It gives rise to a critical debate about the future of Europe concerning a key question: In what way does the project of integration require a higher degree of European solidarity? To what extent are Europeans willing to help each other, and what kind of help are they willing to provide? The results from a recent survey of the German residential population, presented in this paper, offer a mixed picture: Whereas people strongly support medical solidarity, their willingness to support fi nancial redistribution is limited. As a consequence, it will be crucial to use ideational leadership to activate the potential for solidarity towards a united, viable Europe marked by limited inequality—especially with the German Council Presidency commencing on July 1st, 2020.

  • Nationwide administrative district survey on the response to the increase in the number of asylum seekers in 2015/16 : Research report HybOrg Project

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    The HybOrg research project focuses on the administrative management of the so-called refugee crisis in Germany between 2015 and 2016. It asks about the societal effect of variation in local crisis management (Landkreise and kreisfreie Städte). This document is a technical report of German-wide survey among the local administration to assess the reactions to the increase in the number of asylum seekers in 2015/16.

  • Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede; Weidmann, Nils B. (2020): From Hand-Counting to GIS : Richardson in the Information Age GLEDITSCH, Nils Petter, ed.. Lewis Fry Richardson : His Intellectual Legacy and Influence in the Social Sciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 73-85. Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice. 27. ISBN 978-3-030-31588-7. Available under: doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-31589-4_7

    From Hand-Counting to GIS : Richardson in the Information Age

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  • Wolter, Felix; Schiener, Jürgen; Preisendörfer, Peter (2020): Einstellungen und Verhalten gegenüber geflüchteten Menschen : Ist die räumliche Distanz von Bedeutung? MAYS, Anja, ed., André DINGELSTEDT, ed., Verena HAMBAUER, ed. and others. Grundlagen – Methoden – Anwendungen in den Sozialwissenschaften : Festschrift für Steffen-M. Kühnel. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2020, pp. 561-578. ISBN 978-3-658-15628-2. Available under: doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-15629-9_30

    Einstellungen und Verhalten gegenüber geflüchteten Menschen : Ist die räumliche Distanz von Bedeutung?

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    Die klassische Kontakthypothese aus der Forschung zu Fremdenfeindlichkeit postuliert einen negativen Zusammenhang: Je mehr und intensivere Kontakte zu einer ethnischen Minorität bestehen, desto eher werden Vorurteile reduziert und desto geringer sind fremdenfeindliche Einstellungen. Empirisch konnte dieser Effekt vielfach bestätigt werden. In unserem Beitrag untersuchen wir eine Erweiterung dieser „sozialen“ Kontakthypothese hin zu einer „räumlichen“ bzw. „geografischen“ Kontakthypothese. Konkret geht es um die Frage, ob Einstellungen gegenüber geflüchteten Menschen davon abhängen, inwieweit Befragte durch ihren Wohnstandort Kontakt bzw. eine räumliche Nähe zu Flüchtlingsunterkünften haben. Die geografische Kontakthypothese vermutet, dass sich Personen umso weniger ablehnend gegenüber Flüchtlingen äußern, je näher sie an einer Flüchtlingsunterkunft wohnen. Wir präsentieren Ergebnisse einer postalischen Befragung (N = 580) in Mainz, in welcher der Wohnort der Befragten sowie die Lage der Flüchtlingsunterkünfte im Stadtgebiet georeferenziert wurden. Die abhängigen Variablen bilden Einstellungen und selbstberichtete Protesthandlungen gegenüber geflüchteten Menschen. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich in der Tat ein Effekt für die Einstellungsindikatoren: Je größer die geografische Distanz der Befragten zu Flüchtlingsunterkünften, desto ablehnender äußern sie sich bezüglich geflüchteter Menschen. Zwischen räumlicher Distanz und Protesthandlungen finden wir keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang. Weiterhin zeigt sich der Tendenz nach, dass ein Teil, aber nicht der gesamte Distanzeffekt über soziale Kontakte mit Flüchtlingen zustande kommt.

  • Jüttler, Michael; Schumann, Stephan (2019): Is economics a man's business? : Exploring the long-term effects of the gender gap in economic competencies at the upper secondary level on students' choice to study economics at university Citizenship, Social and Economics Education. 2019, 18(3), pp. 177-197. ISSN 1357-4019. eISSN 2047-1734. Available under: doi: 10.1177/2047173419885628

    Is economics a man's business? : Exploring the long-term effects of the gender gap in economic competencies at the upper secondary level on students' choice to study economics at university

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    In higher education, across countries, a large share of students choose to study economics. Although there is only a small difference in the share of female and male students in that field, there is robust empirical evidence of a gender gap in economic competencies, showing that male students in most cases outperform female students. There is a broad discussion about the differences in gender-specific socializations that cause this gender gap. However, no research exists on the long-term effects of this gender gap. This study uses longitudinal and representative data of N = 1397 Swiss students (824 female students) to analyse the gender-specific effects of economic competencies at the end of the upper secondary level on their aspiration and decision to study economics. The results show that economic knowledge and interest in economics have a substantially stronger effect on the choice of economics for female students. The aspiration to study strongly mediates these effects. We argue that these results can mainly be traced back to different interests and self-perceptions of skills and abilities in economics caused by gender-specific socialization. Possible implications of gender socialization and discrimination in economics for secondary and higher education and for the labour market are discussed.

  • Maurer, Stephan E. (2019): Oil discoveries and education provision in the Postbellum South Economics of Education Review. 2019, 73, 101925. ISSN 0272-7757. eISSN 1873-7382. Available under: doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2019.101925

    Oil discoveries and education provision in the Postbellum South

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    This paper studies the effect of oil wealth on the provision of education in the early 20th century United States. Using information on the location and discovery of major oil fields, I find that oil wealth increased local revenue and education spending. However, population increased, and as consequence, schooling quality did not improve across the board. Nominal teacher wages increased, and oil-rich counties were more likely to participate in the Rosenwald school building program for blacks. However, neither student-teacher ratios nor school attendance rates improved in the wake of oil discoveries.

  • Hamborg, Felix; Donnay, Karsten; Gipp, Bela (2019): Automated identification of media bias in news articles : an interdisciplinary literature review International Journal on Digital Libraries. 2019, 20(4), pp. 391-415. ISSN 1432-5012. eISSN 1432-1300. Available under: doi: 10.1007/s00799-018-0261-y

    Automated identification of media bias in news articles : an interdisciplinary literature review

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    Media bias, i.e., slanted news coverage, can strongly impact the public perception of the reported topics. In the social sciences, research over the past decades has developed comprehensive models to describe media bias and effective, yet often manual and thus cumbersome, methods for analysis. In contrast, in computer science fast, automated, and scalable methods are available, but few approaches systematically analyze media bias. The models used to analyze media bias in computer science tend to be simpler compared to models established in the social sciences, and do not necessarily address the most pressing substantial questions, despite technically superior approaches. Computer science research on media bias thus stands to profit from a closer integration of models for the study of media bias developed in the social sciences with automated methods from computer science. This article first establishes a shared conceptual understanding by mapping the state of the art from the social sciences to a framework, which can be targeted by approaches from computer science. Next, we investigate different forms of media bias and review how each form is analyzed in the social sciences. For each form, we then discuss methods from computer science suitable to (semi-)automate the corresponding analysis. Our review suggests that suitable, automated methods from computer science, primarily in the realm of natural language processing, are already available for each of the discussed forms of media bias, opening multiple directions for promising further research in computer science in this area.

  • Hachfeld, Axinja (2019): Zwei Dekaden Forschung zu kulturellen Überzeugungen und Einstellungen : Bis hier und wie weiter? Eingeladener Impulsvortrag: Augsburger QLB-Projekts LeHeT (Förderung der Lehrerprofessionalität im Umgang mit Heterogenität)

    Zwei Dekaden Forschung zu kulturellen Überzeugungen und Einstellungen : Bis hier und wie weiter?

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  • Bayram, Fatih; Rothman, Jason; Iverson, Michael; Kupisch, Tanja; Miller, David; Puig-Mayenco, Eloi; Westergaard, Marit (2019): Differences in use without deficiencies in competence : passives in the Turkish and German of Turkish heritage speakers in Germany International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 2019, 22(8), pp. 919-939. ISSN 1367-0050. eISSN 1747-7522. Available under: doi: 10.1080/13670050.2017.1324403

    Differences in use without deficiencies in competence : passives in the Turkish and German of Turkish heritage speakers in Germany

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    Determining how and why adult outcomes of heritage speaker (HS) bilingualism differ from monolinguals is difficult because it requires the reconstruction of developmental paths from end-state data. In an effort to address this issue, we examine HSs of Turkish in Germany at an early age of development (10–15 years old, n = 22), as well as age-matched monolingual controls in Turkey (n = 20) and Germany (n = 20), using a structured elicitation task for production of passives. The goal is to see whether HSs have the representation of passives in their mental grammars and to better understand the relative weight of factors (age at time of testing, immigration status of the Turkish parents (first or second generation), and literacy in the L1) that potentially contribute to the formation of HSs’ grammatical competence. The results show that all HSs have the underlying representation for passives in both Turkish and German. There was a significant effect of only literacy; high level of L1 literacy has a positive effect on monolingual-like production as compared to those with no literacy. We discuss these results pertaining to explicating ultimate attainment outcomes in heritage language acquisition in relation to larger debates in the field.

  • Haer, Roos; Vüllers, Johannes; Weidmann, Nils B. (2019): Studying micro dynamics in civil wars : introduction Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. 2019, 8(2), pp. 151-159. ISSN 2192-1741. eISSN 2524-6976. Available under: doi: 10.1007/s42597-019-00018-9

    Studying micro dynamics in civil wars : introduction

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  • Holzinger, Katharina; Tosun, Jale (2019): Why differentiated integration is such a common practice in Europe : A rational explanation Journal of Theoretical Politics. 2019, 31(4), pp. 642-659. ISSN 0951-6298. eISSN 1460-3667. Available under: doi: 10.1177/0951629819875522

    Why differentiated integration is such a common practice in Europe : A rational explanation

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    With Brexit imminent, the debate on the need for differentiated integration (DI) by means of opting-out has gained new momentum. At the same time, non-member states decide to adopt European Union (EU) rules as exemplified by the European Neighbourhood Policy. In light of these opposing observations, we examine the EU’s disposition to supply DI. We outline the strategic interactions of the EU member states or non-members in the context of two forms of DI: opting-out and inducing-in. In the case of opting-out, EU member states can refrain from adopting EU rules; inducing-in refers to providing non-member states with incentives to adopt EU rules. We show that the information asymmetries inherent to the strategic interactions result in a situation in which the EU is likely to supply opportunities to opt-out for member states to a much greater extent than necessary. Furthermore, the EU is likely to offer more compensation to non-member states in exchange for adopting EU rules than it would actually need to.

  • Krauser, Mario; Wegenast, Tim; Schneider, Gerald; Hess Elgersma, Ingeborg (2019): A gendered resource curse? : Mineral ownership, female unemployment and domestic violence in Sub-Saharan Africa Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung. 2019, 8(2), pp. 213-237. ISSN 2192-1741. eISSN 2524-6976. Available under: doi: 10.1007/s42597-019-00019-8

    A gendered resource curse? : Mineral ownership, female unemployment and domestic violence in Sub-Saharan Africa

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    Several studies suggest that the extractive industry has negative consequences for gender equality despite the often positive growth impact of natural resources. We re-examine this claim at the sub-state level in sub-Saharan Africa and argue that we need to differentiate between ownership arrangements in the extractive industry. To test our argument on the gender dimension of the resource curse, this article employs unique data on the control rights of minerals within sub-Saharan countries as well as data from Afrobarometer and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Our quantitative analyses explore how international vs. domestic ownership of copper, diamond and gold mines affects the labor market integration of females and intimate partner violence. The regression results suggest in line with our theoretical expectations that gender-specific structural labor market shifts within extractive industries are contingent on mineral control rights. Our models show that within mining areas, only domestic ownership reduces male unemployment. While domestic mining seems to reinforce the traditional male breadwinner model, internationally owned mineral extraction induces structural labor market changes: women abandon subsistence farming activities and migrate to the service sector. Our results further indicate that this shift of traditional gender roles within rural mining areas is associated with less intimate partner violence.

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