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  • Baldwin, Kate; Holzinger, Katharina (2019): Traditional Political Institutions and Democracy : Reassessing Their Compatibility and Accountability Comparative Political Studies. 2019, 52(12), pp. 1747-1774. ISSN 0010-4140. eISSN 1552-3829. Available under: doi: 10.1177/0010414019852686

    Traditional Political Institutions and Democracy : Reassessing Their Compatibility and Accountability

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    This article revisits prominent frameworks for understanding traditional political institutions which make pessimistic assessments about their compatibility with democracy. Traditional political institutions are often assumed to be unaccountable because they are led by undemocratic leaders who are not subject to electoral sanctioning. However, drawing on new information from the TradGov Group dataset, an expert survey on the contemporary practices of more than 1,400 ethnic groups that currently have traditional political institutions, we show that these institutions contain their own distinct mechanisms of accountability. In a majority of cases, decision-making is consensual and leaders must account for their actions in various ways. We challenge the electoral accountability framework for understanding the quality of traditional leaders’ performance, instead arguing that traditional political institutions can be compatible with democracy and even accountable to their citizens insofar as they adopt inclusive decision-making processes and their leaders have strong nonelectoral connections to the communities they represent.

  • Hager, Anselm; Hilbig, Hanno (2019): Do Inheritance Customs Affect Political and Social Inequality? American Journal of Political Science. 2019, 63(4), pp. 758-773. ISSN 0092-5853. eISSN 1540-5907. Available under: doi: 10.1111/ajps.12460

    Do Inheritance Customs Affect Political and Social Inequality?

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    Why are some societies more unequal than others? The French revolutionaries believed unequal inheritances among siblings to be responsible for the strict hierarchies of the ancien régime. To achieve equality, the revolutionaries therefore enforced equal inheritance rights. Their goal was to empower women and to disenfranchise the noble class. But do equal inheritances succeed in leveling the societal playing field? We study Germany—a country with pronounced local‐level variation in inheritance customs—and find that municipalities that historically equally apportioned wealth, to this day, elect more women into political councils and have fewer aristocrats in the social elite. Using historic data, we point to two mechanisms: wealth equality and pro‐egalitarian preferences. In a final step, we also show that, counterintuitively, equitable inheritance customs positively predict income inequality. We interpret this finding to mean that equitable inheritances level the playing field by rewarding talent, not status.

  • Koos, Sebastian; Sachweh, Patrick (2019): The moral economies of market societies : popular attitudes towards market competition, redistribution and reciprocity in comparative perspective Socio-Economic Review. 2019, 17(4), pp. 793-821. ISSN 1475-1461. eISSN 1475-147X. Available under: doi: 10.1093/ser/mwx045

    The moral economies of market societies : popular attitudes towards market competition, redistribution and reciprocity in comparative perspective

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    In a classical typology, Polanyi distinguishes three basic modes of economic integration: competitive market exchange, redistribution and reciprocity. While markets are dominant in modern capitalism, redistribution and reciprocity are—to varying extent—also part of its institutional architecture. Asking whether such institutional differences are mirrored in distinct ‘moral economies’, we investigate ordinary citizens’ support for market competition, redistribution and reciprocity across 14 capitalist economies. Combining data from three comparative surveys, we analyze, first, the extent to which these principles are supported by citizens and whether they cluster into distinct ‘moral economies’; second, whether these norms are anchored in formal institutional settings; and finally, how privileged and disadvantaged groups differ in their support. While support for market competition is strong across countries, it is to varying degrees complemented by support for redistribution and reciprocity. We identify a competition-dominated, an embedded and a strongly embedded moral economy. The interplay of formal institutions and people’s social–structural position partly explains differences in popular support.

  • Jungherr, Andreas; Posegga, Oliver; An, Jisun (2019): Discursive Power in Contemporary Media Systems : A Comparative Framework The International Journal of Press/Politics. 2019, 24(4), pp. 404-425. ISSN 1940-1612. eISSN 1940-1620. Available under: doi: 10.1177/1940161219841543

    Discursive Power in Contemporary Media Systems : A Comparative Framework

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    Contemporary media systems are in transition. The constellation of organizations, groups, and individuals contributing information to national and international news flows has changed as a result of the digital transformation. The “hybrid media system” has proven to be one of the most instructive concepts addressing this change. Its focus on the mutually dependent interconnections between various types of media organizations, actors, and publics has inspired prolific research. Yet the concept can tempt researchers to sidestep systematic analyses of information flows and actors’ differing degrees of influence by treating media systems as a black box. To enable large-scale, empirical comparative studies aimed at identifying interdependencies and power relationships in contemporary media systems, we propose the concept of discursive power. This describes the ability of contributors to communication spaces to introduce, amplify, and maintain topics, frames, and speakers, thus shaping public discourses and controversies that unfold in interconnected communication spaces. We also provide a theoretical framework of how structural features of organizations and media systems contribute to the emergence of discursive power for different types of actors in various contexts. This adds to the theoretical toolkit available to researchers interested in the empirical analysis of contemporary media systems.

  • Popovic, Nathalie F.; Pachur, Thorsten; Gaissmaier, Wolfgang (2019): The gap between medical and monetary choices under risk persists in decisions for others Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 2019, 32(4), pp. 388-402. ISSN 0894-3257. eISSN 1099-0771. Available under: doi: 10.1002/bdm.2121

    The gap between medical and monetary choices under risk persists in decisions for others

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    Decisions under risk in the medical domain have been found to systematically diverge from decisions in the monetary domain. When making choices between monetary options, people commonly rely on a decision strategy that trades off outcomes with their probabilities; when making choices between medical options, people tend to neglect probability information. In two experimental studies, we tested to what extent differences between medical and monetary decisions also emerge when the decision outcomes affect another person. Using a risky choice paradigm for medical and monetary decisions, we compared hypothetical decisions that participants made for themselves to decisions for a socially distant other (Study 1) and to recommendations as financial advisor or doctor (Study 2). In addition, we examined people's information search in a condition in which information about payoff distributions had to be learned from experiential sampling. Formal modeling and analyses of search behavior revealed a similarly pronounced gap between medical and monetary decisions in decisions for others as in decisions for oneself. Our results suggest that when making medical decisions, people try to avoid the worst outcome while neglecting its probability—even when the outcomes affect others rather than themselves.

  • Holzinger, Katharina; Haer, Roos; Bayer, Axel; Behr, Daniela M.; Neupert-Wentz, Clara (2019): The Constitutionalization of Indigenous Group Rights, Traditional Political Institutions, and Customary Law Comparative Political Studies. 2019, 52(12), pp. 1775-1809. ISSN 0010-4140. eISSN 1552-3829. Available under: doi: 10.1177/0010414018774347

    The Constitutionalization of Indigenous Group Rights, Traditional Political Institutions, and Customary Law

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    Many constitutions of the world contain special provisions for indigenous communities, granting them particular rights and regulating their traditional political institutions and customary law. Building on rational theories of constitution-making, we employ a demand and supply framework to explain the constitutionalization of such provisions. To test our hypotheses, we code the presence of indigenous provisions in the current constitutions of 193 United Nations member states. We find full democracy and previous conflict to stimulate the inclusion of indigenous group rights but not of customary law and traditional institutions. Customary law and traditional institutions are more likely constitutionalized in countries with high ethnic fractionalization. Low levels of modernity affect particularly the constitutionalization of traditional political institutions, while low levels of development correlate with provisions on customary law. Former British colonies are more likely to constitutionalize customary law.

  • Holzer, Boris (2019): Vertrauen und Gottvertrauen Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. 29. Sept. 2019, No. 39, pp. 64

    Vertrauen und Gottvertrauen

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    dc.title:

  • Jungherr, Andreas; Schroeder, Ralph; Stier, Sebastian (2019): Digital Media and the Surge of Political Outsiders : Explaining the Success of Political Challengers in the United States, Germany, and China Social Media + Society. 2019, 5(3), pp. 205630511987543. ISSN 2056-3051. eISSN 2056-3051. Available under: doi: 10.1177/2056305119875439

    Digital Media and the Surge of Political Outsiders : Explaining the Success of Political Challengers in the United States, Germany, and China

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    There has been a recent surge of political actors and groups challenging the legitimacy of established political institutions and mass media. We argue that this wave is no accident; rather, it is driven by digital media. Digital media allow outside challengers to route around social institutions that structure political discourse, such as parties and legacy media, which have previously held a monopoly on political coordination and information distribution. Digital media have weakened the power of these institutions, allowing outsiders to maintain extreme positions that formerly would have been filtered out or suppressed by institutions structuring political discourse. In this article, we explicate mechanisms linking digital media to the rise of outsiders by discussing the successes of a diverse set of challengers fighting for attention and representation in the different political contexts of the United States, Germany, and China. We thus provide a novel explanation that systematically accounts for the political consequences of digital media.

  • Holzer, Boris (2019): Programmierte Ungleichheit Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. 1. Sept. 2019, No. 35, pp. 56

    Programmierte Ungleichheit

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    dc.title:

  • Giese, Helge; Neth, Hansjörg; Gaissmaier, Wolfgang (2019): Die Rolle von Kognitionen beim sozialen Einfluss von Freunden auf den Alkoholkonsum in einem Erstsemesternetzwerk Das Gesundheitswesen. Georg Thieme Verlag. 2019, 81(08/09), 692. ISSN 0941-3790. eISSN 1439-4421. Available under: doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1694442

    Die Rolle von Kognitionen beim sozialen Einfluss von Freunden auf den Alkoholkonsum in einem Erstsemesternetzwerk

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    Einleitung:
    In psychologischen Theorien zur Gesundheitsverhaltensförderung nehmen soziale Konstrukte, wie z.B. Normwahrnehmung, einen zentralen Platz ein. Das tatsächliche Verhalten in sozialen Kontexten wird dabei oft außer Acht gelassen. In diesem Vortrag wird daher darauf eingegangen, inwiefern Normwahrnehmungen innerhalb eines sozialen Netzwerks soziale Einflüsse beim Alkoholkonsum erklären können.

    Methoden:
    109 Psychologiestudierende wurden zu drei Messzeitpunkten innerhalb des ersten Semesters zu ihren alkoholbezogenen Kognitionen, Alkoholkonsum und Freunden innerhalb des Semesters befragt. Zur Vorhersage sozialer Einflüsse auf Alkoholkonsum und Freundschaftsentwicklungen wurden RSiena Modelle angewandt.

    Ergebnisse:
    Der durchschnittliche Alkoholkonsum von Freunden im Semester sagte den Konsum zum nächsten Messzeitpunkt auch nach der Kontrolle von Kognitionen, wie der Wahrnehmung vom Verhalten der Freunde, vorher (b = 1,89, OR = 6,64, 95%CI [1,28; 34,50], p = 0,022).

    Diskussion:
    Soziale Einflüsse beim Alkoholkonsum von Erstsemestern können nicht vollständig durch kognitive Konstrukte wie Normwahrnehmungen aufgeklärt werden. Dies suggeriert, dass es zusätzliche soziale Kontexteinflüsse gibt.

  • Hager, Anselm; Veit, Susanne (2019): Attitudes Toward Asylum Seekers : Evidence from Germany Public Opinion Quarterly. Oxford University Press (OUP). 2019, 83(2), pp. 412-422. ISSN 0033-362X. eISSN 1537-5331. Available under: doi: 10.1093/poq/nfz023

    Attitudes Toward Asylum Seekers : Evidence from Germany

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    What theories explain variation in public opinion toward asylum seekers? We implement a survey experiment in which a representative sample of German residents evaluates vignettes of asylum seekers, which randomly vary attributes that speak to deservingness, economic and religious threat, and gender considerations of attitude formation. We find strong support for deservingness theories. Economic and religious threat theories also receive empirical support. Gender plays a negligible role. Importantly, we also document that economic and—to a lesser extent—religious threat considerations only matter when respondents evaluate economic refugees. By contrast, political refugees are welcomed nearly unconditionally. Our paper thus replicates key findings from Bansak, Hainmueller, and Hangartner (2016) and Czymara and Schmidt-Catran (2016) using a representative sample and points to an important interaction effect in public opinion formation toward asylum seekers: economic threat only gets activated when refugees’ deservingness is in doubt.

  • Holzer, Boris (2019): Immer noch Latein Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. 11. Aug. 2019, No. 32, pp. 56

    Immer noch Latein

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    dc.title:

  • Dwertmann, David J. G.; Kunze, Florian (2019): More than meets the eye : The critical role of migrant status for social identity effects Academy of Management Proceedings. 2019(1), 12750. ISSN 0065-0668. eISSN 2151-6561. Available under: doi: 10.5465/AMBPP.2019.73

    More than meets the eye : The critical role of migrant status for social identity effects

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    The number of migrants worldwide has grown rapidly in recent years and their integration poses challenges such as cultural and language barriers for organizations and societies. Securing and maintaining employment is a key challenge for migrants, yet management research has devoted little attention to migration. We aim to contribute to the emerging literature on this topic by utilizing objective and time-lagged field data from 14,327 mail carriers nested in 737 delivery units of a large Swiss logistics firm. We investigate the link between in/congruence of the number of employees and customers with migration background and customer complaints. Controlling for service quality, we find that congruence between mail carriers and their customers (both low and both high numbers of migrants) is associated with fewer customer complaints, the latter suggesting the existence of a common migrant identity despite national and cultural differences. Surprisingly, we found that it does not matter whether more employees or customers relative to the other group have a migration background, as the results from both incongruence scenarios show increased complaints. We find that units that receive more complaints experience higher rates of voluntary turnover, highlighting how unfair customer complaints can hurt organizations twice, by increasing the risk of loss in both customers and employees.

  • Carstensen, Martin B.; Röper, Nils (2019): Invasion From Within : Ideas, Power, and the Transmission of Institutional Logics Between Policy Domains Comparative Political Studies. Sage Publications. 2019, 52(9), pp. 1328-1363. ISSN 0010-4140. eISSN 1552-3829. Available under: doi: 10.1177/0010414019830713

    Invasion From Within : Ideas, Power, and the Transmission of Institutional Logics Between Policy Domains

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    How do institutional logics travel within a political economy? Employing insights from historical and ideational institutionalist theory, this article offers a novel understanding of change dynamics as driven by actors’ creation of institutional interlinkages. It develops the causal mechanism of “invasion from within,” consisting of a three-stage process: the progressive weakening of a policy paradigm within one institutional site coinciding with a strengthening of the policy paradigm in another; the building of a coalition within the exporting field; and the use of framing strategies to “localize” adjacent logics of action and delegitimize adversarial coalitions. The analytical purchase of the argument is corroborated through process tracing of the German pension paradigm shift during the 1990s, showing that ideas about private capital formation developed in finance were redirected toward old-age provision and strategically transferred to the pension arena by a coalition of actors from the German finance domain.

  • Frey, Seth; Donnay, Karsten; Helbing, Dirk; Sumner, Robert W; Bos, Maarten W (2019): The rippling dynamics of valenced messages in naturalistic youth chat Behavior Research Methods. 2019, 51(4), pp. 1737-1753. ISSN 1554-351X. eISSN 1554-3528. Available under: doi: 10.3758/s13428-018-1140-6

    The rippling dynamics of valenced messages in naturalistic youth chat

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    Even though human behavior is largely driven by real-time feedback from others, this social complexity is underrepresented in psychological theory, largely because it is so difficult to isolate. In this work, we performed a quasi-experimental analysis of hundreds of millions of chat room messages between young people. This allowed us to reconstruct how-and on what timeline-the valence of one message affects the valence of subsequent messages by others. For the highly emotionally valenced chat messages that we focused on, we found that these messages elicited a general increase of 0.1 to 0.4 messages per minute. This influence started 2 s after the original message and continued out to 60 s. Expanding our focus to include feedback loops-the way a speaker's chat comes back to affect him or her-we found that the stimulating effects of these same chat events started rippling back from others 8 s after the original message, to cause an increase in the speaker's chat that persisted for up to 8 min. This feedback accounted for at least 1% of the bulk of chat. Additionally, a message's valence affects its dynamics, with negative events feeding back more slowly and continuing to affect the speaker longer. By reconstructing the second-by-second dynamics of many psychosocial processes in aggregate, we captured the timescales at which they collectively ripple through a social system to drive system-level outcomes.

  • Hoeffler, Anke (2019): Post‐conflict stabilization in Africa Review of Development Economics. 2019, 23(3), pp. 1238-1259. ISSN 1363-6669. eISSN 1467-9361. Available under: doi: 10.1111/rode.12601

    Post‐conflict stabilization in Africa

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    Peace is fragile, about half of all peace episodes break down within the first eight post‐conflict years. In Sub‐Saharan Africa this risk is even higher. Using survival analysis this paper suggests that while it is difficult to find correlates of peace stabilization, there are some policy relevant results. How a conflict ends is important. Negotiated settlements are fragile but the chances of peace surviving can be significantly improved through the deployment of UN peacekeeping operations. This also appears to be the case for Sub‐Saharan Africa but case study evidence suggests that peacekeepers face particularly complex situations in the region and should therefore be well resourced in order to increase their chance of success.

  • Melzer, Silvia Maja; Hinz, Thomas (2019): The role of education and educational–occupational mismatches in decisions regarding commuting and interregional migration from eastern to western Germany Demographic Research. 2019, 41, pp. 461-476. ISSN 1435-9871. eISSN 2363-7064. Available under: doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2019.41.16

    The role of education and educational–occupational mismatches in decisions regarding commuting and interregional migration from eastern to western Germany

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    Objective: This paper investigates commuting and interregional migration from eastern to western Germany, and asks, first: Who chooses to migrate and who chooses to commute? Second: Does commuting serve as a stepping-stone or as a long-term alternative to migration? And third: What role does education and educational–occupational mismatch play in those choices?
    Methods: We use the Socio-Economic Panel data from 1992 to 2013 and multilevel multinomial logit models with random effects, as well as cross-classified multilevel logit with random effects.
    Results: People with higher education are more likely to migrate than to remain immobile or to commute, while people who have spent less time in education are more likely to commute than to remain immobile or to migrate. Educational–occupational mismatches reduce the likelihood of migration for both men and women, but they reduce the likelihood of commuting only for men. For women, educational–occupational mismatches increase the likelihood of commuting. Moreover, commuting serves as a stepping-stone to migration, rather than as a long-term alternative to it, especially for the highly educated.
    Contribution: We investigate the relationship between migration and commuting more directly than has been the case in previous research. Moreover, we advance previous research by showing how educational–occupational mismatch influences decisions as to whether to commute or to migrate. Our analysis shows how education, educational–occupational mismatch, and gender are interrelated and intertwined with each other, and how gender-specific mobility patterns follow from these interrelations.

  • Eibl, Thomas; Röper, Nils (2019): Die Suche nach Homo ideologicus und anderen Gestalten : Was die Komparative Politische Ökonomie zu einem pluralistischen ökonomischen Diskurs beitragen kann PETERSEN, David J., ed., Daniel WILLERS, ed., Esther M. SCHMITT, ed. and others. Perspektiven einer pluralen Ökonomik. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019, pp. 281-312. ISBN 978-3-658-16144-6. Available under: doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-16145-3_12

    Die Suche nach Homo ideologicus und anderen Gestalten : Was die Komparative Politische Ökonomie zu einem pluralistischen ökonomischen Diskurs beitragen kann

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    Reduktionismus, Geschichtsvergessenheit und disziplinäre Scheuklappen sind die gängigsten Vorwürfe, die sich die ‚reine‘ Ökonomie gefallen lassen muss. Der vorliegende Beitrag erörtert, inwieweit die politikwissenschaftliche Komparative Politische Ökonomie (KPÖ) Antworten auf diese Kritikpunkte bereithält. Dazu wird die Auseinandersetzung mit ökonomischen Konzepten in den verschiedenen Variationen des Institutionalismus nachgezeichnet, die aus der Kritik an der Rational-Choice-Theorie in der vergleichenden Kapitalismusforschung erwachsen ist. Im Fokus stehen dabei zwei zentrale Annahmen des rationalistischen Varieties-of-Capitalism-Ansatzes (VoC): funktionale Komplementarität zwischen institutionellen Domänen und die Unterstellung strategisch-rational handelnder Akteure. Anhand der Kritikpunkte und Gegenvorschläge des historischen und ideenorientierten Institutionalismus werden die Vorzüge eines theoretischen Pluralismus aufgezeigt, der wichtige Anhaltspunkte für eine holistischere Volkswirtschaftslehre liefert.

  • Hager, Anselm (2019): Do Online Ads Influence Vote Choice? Political Communication. 2019, 36(3), pp. 376-393. ISSN 1058-4609. eISSN 1091-7675. Available under: doi: 10.1080/10584609.2018.1548529

    Do Online Ads Influence Vote Choice?

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    Do online ads influence vote choice? We partner with a German party to evaluate the effectiveness of online ads using a cluster-randomized experiment. During the 2016 Berlin state election, 189 postal districts were randomly assigned to (a) emotional ads; (b) factual ads; or (c) no ads. Analyzing electoral results at the postal district level, we find that the overall campaign weakly increased the party’s vote share by 0.7 percentage points (p-value = 0.155). We also estimate a negative effect of the campaign on the vote share of the party’s main competitors of 1.4 percentage points (p-value = 0.094). Turning to the mechanism of persuasion, we find that the factual ads, if anything, fared slightly better than the emotional ads. Our evidence thus provides tentative support that online ads positively affect vote choice.

  • Pekrun, Reinhard; Murayama, Kou; Marsh, Herbert W.; Götz, Thomas; Frenzel, Anne C. (2019): Happy fish in little ponds : Testing a reference group model of achievement and emotion Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2019, 117(1), pp. 166-185. ISSN 0022-3514. eISSN 1939-1315. Available under: doi: 10.1037/pspp0000230

    Happy fish in little ponds : Testing a reference group model of achievement and emotion

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    A theoretical model linking achievement and emotions is proposed. The model posits that individual achievement promotes positive achievement emotions and reduces negative achievement emotions. In contrast, group-level achievement is thought to reduce individuals' positive emotions and increase their negative emotions. The model was tested using one cross-sectional and two longitudinal datasets on 5th to 10th grade students' achievement emotions in mathematics (Studies 1-3: Ns = 1,610, 1,759, and 4,353, respectively). Multilevel latent structural equation modeling confirmed that individual achievement had positive predictive effects on positive emotions (enjoyment, pride) and negative predictive effects on negative emotions (anger, anxiety, shame, and hopelessness), controlling for prior achievement, autoregressive effects, reciprocal effects, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). Class-level achievement had negative compositional effects on the positive emotions and positive compositional effects on the negative emotions. Additional analyses suggested that self-concept of ability is a possible mediator of these effects. Furthermore, there were positive compositional effects of class-level achievement on individual achievement in Study 2 but not in Study 3, indicating that negative compositional effects on emotion are not reliably counteracted by positive effects on performance. The results were robust across studies, age groups, synchronous versus longitudinal analysis, and latent-manifest versus doubly latent modeling. These findings imply that individual success drives emotional well-being, whereas placing individuals in high-achieving groups can undermine well-being. Thus, the findings challenge policy and practice decisions on achievement-contingent allocation of individuals to groups.

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